RTP MPEG Video: RTP Payload Format for MPEG1/MPEG2 Video

Network Working Group                                         D. Hoffman
Request for Comments: 2250                                   G. Fernando
Obsoletes: 2038                                   Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Category: Standards Track                                       V. Goyal
                                                  Precept Software, Inc.
                                                             M. Civanlar
                                                    AT&T Labs - Research
                                                            January 1998


                RTP Payload Format for MPEG1/MPEG2 Video


Status of this Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This memo describes a packetization scheme for MPEG video and audio
   streams.  The scheme proposed can be used to transport such a video
   or audio flow over the transport protocols supported by RTP.  Two
   approaches are described. The first is designed to support maximum
   interoperability with MPEG System environments.  The second is
   designed to provide maximum compatibility with other RTP-encapsulated
   media streams and future conference control work of the IETF.

   This memo is a revision of RFC 2038, an Internet standards track
   protocol.  In this revision, the packet loss resilience mechanisms in
   Section 3.4 were extended to include additional picture header
   information required for MPEG2.  A new section on security
   considerations for this payload type is added.

1. Introduction

   ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 WG11 (also referred to as the MPEG committee) has
   defined the MPEG1 standard (ISO/IEC 11172)[1] and the MPEG2 standard
   (ISO/IEC 13818)[2].  This memo describes a packetization scheme to
   transport MPEG video and audio streams using the Real-time Transport
   Protocol (RTP), version 2 [3, 4].

   The MPEG1 specification is defined in three parts: System, Video and
   Audio.  It is designed primarily for CD-ROM-based applications, and
   is optimized for approximately 1.5 Mbits/sec combined data rates. The
   video and audio portions of the specification describe the basic
   format of the video or audio stream.  These formats define the
   Elementary Streams (ES).  The MPEG1 System specification defines an
   encapsulation of the ES that contains Presentation Time Stamps (PTS),
   Decoding Time Stamps and System Clock references, and performs
   multiplexing of MPEG1 compressed video and audio ES's with user data.

   The MPEG2 specification is structured in a similar way. However, it
   hasn't been restricted only to CD-ROM applications. The MPEG2 System
   specification defines two system stream formats:  the MPEG2 Transport
   Stream (MTS) and the MPEG2 Program Stream (MPS).  The MTS is tailored
   for communicating or storing one or more programs of MPEG2 compressed
   data and also other data in relatively error-prone environments. The
   MPS is tailored for relatively error-free environments.

   We seek to achieve interoperability among 4 types of end-systems in
   the following specification. The 4 types are:

        1. Transmitting Interworking Unit (TIU)

           Receives MPEG information from a native MTS system for
           distribution over packet networks using a native RTP-based
           system layer (such as an IP-based internetwork). Examples:
           real-time encoder, MTS satellite link to Internet, video
           server with MTS-encoded source material.

        2. Receiving Interworking Unit (RIU)

           Receives MPEG information in real time from an RTP-based
           network for forwarding to a native MTS environment.
           Examples: Internet-based video server to MTS-based cable
           distribution plant.

        3. Transmitting Internet End-System (TAES)

           Transmits MPEG information generated or stored within the
           internet end-system itself, or received from internet-based
           computer networks.  Example: video server.

        4. Receiving Internet End-System (RAES)

           Receives MPEG information over an RTP-based internet for
           consumption at the internet end-system or forwarding to
           traditional computer network.  Example: desktop PC or
           workstation viewing training video.

   Each of the 2 types of transmitters must work with each of the 2
   types of receivers.  Because it is probable that the TAES, and
   certain that the RAES, will be based on existing and planned
   internet-connected computers, it is highly desirable for the
   interoperable protocol to be based on RTP.

   Because of the range of applications that might employ MPEG streams,
   we propose to define two payload formats.

   Much interest in the MPEG community is in the use of one of the MPEG
   System encodings, and hence, in Section 2 we propose encapsulations
   of MPEG1 System streams and MPEG2 Transport and Program Streams with
   RTP.  This profile supports the full semantics of MPEG System and
   offers basic interoperability among all four end-system types.

   When operating only among internet-based end-systems (i.e., TAES and
   RAES) a payload format that provides greater compatibility with the
   Internet architecture is desired, deferring some of the system issues
   to other protocols being defined in the Internet community (such as
   the MMUSIC WG).  In Section 3 we propose an encapsulation of
   compressed video and audio data (referred to in MPEG documentation as
   "Elementary Streams" (ES)) complying with either MPEG1 or MPEG2.
   Here, neither of the System standards of MPEG1 or MPEG2 are utilized.
   The ES's are directly encapsulated with RTP.

   Throughout this specification, we make extensive use of MPEG
   terminology.  The reader should consult the primary MPEG references
   for definitive descriptions of this terminology.

2. Encapsulation of MPEG System and Transport Streams

   Each RTP packet will contain a timestamp derived from the sender's
   90KHz clock reference.  This clock is synchronized to the system
   stream Program Clock Reference (PCR) or System Clock Reference (SCR)
   and represents the target transmission time of the first byte of the
   packet payload.  The RTP timestamp will not be passed to the MPEG
   decoder.  This use of the timestamp is somewhat different than
   normally is the case in RTP, in that it is not considered to be the
   media display or presentation timestamp. The primary purposes of the
   RTP timestamp will be to estimate and reduce any network-induced
   jitter and to synchronize relative time drift between the transmitter
   and receiver.

   For MPEG2 Transport Streams the RTP payload will contain an integral
   number of MPEG transport packets.  To avoid end system
   inefficiencies, data from multiple small MTS packets (normally fixed
   in size at 188 bytes) are aggregated into a single RTP packet.  The
   number of transport packets contained is computed by dividing RTP
   payload length by the length of an MTS packet (188).

   For MPEG2 Program streams and MPEG1 system streams there are no
   packetization restrictions; these streams are treated as a packetized
   stream of bytes.

2.1 RTP header usage

   The RTP header fields are used as follows:

        Payload Type: Distinct payload types should be assigned for
          MPEG1 System Streams, MPEG2 Program Streams and MPEG2
          Transport Streams.  See [4] for payload type assignments.

        M bit:  Set to 1 whenever the timestamp is discontinuous
          (such as might happen when a sender switches from one data
          source to another). This allows the receiver and any
          intervening RTP mixers or translators that are synchronizing
          to the flow to ignore the difference between this timestamp
          and any previous timestamp in their clock phase detectors.

        timestamp: 32 bit 90K Hz timestamp representing the target
          transmission time for the first byte of the packet.

3. Encapsulation of MPEG Elementary Streams

   The following ES types may be encapsulated directly in RTP:

        (a) MPEG1 Video (ISO/IEC 11172-2) (b) MPEG2 Video (ISO/IEC
        13818-2) (c) MPEG1 Audio (ISO/IEC 11172-3) (d) MPEG2 Audio
        (ISO/IEC 13818-3)

   A distinct RTP payload type is assigned to MPEG1/MPEG2 Video and
   MPEG1/MPEG2 Audio, respectively. Further indication as to whether the
   data is MPEG1 or MPEG2 need not be provided in the RTP or MPEG-
   specific headers of this encapsulation, as this information is
   available in the ES headers.

   Presentation Time Stamps (PTS) of 32 bits with an accuracy of 90 kHz
   shall be carried in the fixed RTP header. All packets that make up a
   audio or video frame shall have the same time stamp.

3.1 MPEG Video elementary streams

   MPEG1 Video can be distinguished from MPEG2 Video at the video
   sequence header, i.e. for MPEG2 Video a sequence_header() is followed
   by sequence_extension().  The particular profile and level of MPEG2
   Video (MAIN_Profile@MAIN_Level, HIGH_Profile@HIGH_Level, etc) are
   determined by the profile_and_level_indicator field of the
   sequence_extension header of MPEG2 Video.

   The MPEG bit-stream semantics were designed for relatively error-free
   environments, and there is significant amount of dependency (both
   temporal and spatial) within the stream such that loss of some data
   make other uncorrupted data useless.  The format as defined in this
   encapsulation uses application layer framing information plus
   additional information in the RTP stream-specific header to allow for
   certain recovery mechanisms.  Appendix 1 suggests several recovery
   strategies based on the properties of this encapsulation.

   Since MPEG pictures can be large, they will normally be fragmented
   into packets of size less than a typical LAN/WAN MTU.  The following
   fragmentation rules apply:

        1. The MPEG Video_Sequence_Header, when present, will always
           be at the beginning of an RTP payload.
        2. An MPEG GOP_header, when present, will always be at the
           beginning of the RTP payload, or will follow a
           Video_Sequence_Header.
        3. An MPEG Picture_Header, when present, will always be at the
           beginning of a RTP payload, or will follow a GOP_header.

   Each ES header must be completely contained within the packet.
   Consequently, a minimum RTP payload size of 261 bytes must be
   supported to contain the largest single header defined in the ES
   (that is, the extension_data() header containing the
   quant_matrix_extension()).  Otherwise, there are no restrictions on
   where headers may appear within packet payloads.

   In MPEG, each picture is made up of one or more "slices," and a slice
   is intended to be the unit of recovery from data loss or corruption.
   An MPEG-compliant decoder will normally advance to the beginning of
   next slice whenever an error is encountered in the stream.  MPEG
   slice begin and end bits are provided in the encapsulation header to
   facilitate this.

   The beginning of a slice must either be the first data in a packet
   (after any MPEG ES headers) or must follow after some integral number
   of slices in a packet.  This requirement insures that the beginning
   of the next slice after one with a missing packet can be found
   without requiring that the receiver scan the packet contents.  Slices
   may be fragmented across packets as long as all the above rules are
   met.

   An implementation based on this encapsulation assumes that the
   Video_Sequence_Header is repeated periodically in the MPEG bit-
   stream.  In practice (though not required by MPEG standard) this is
   used to allow channel switching and to receive and start decoding a
   continuously relayed MPEG bit-stream at arbitrary points in the media
   stream.  It is suggested that when playing back from an MPEG stream
   from a file format (where the Video_Sequence_Header may only be
   represented at the beginning of the stream) that the first
   Video_Sequence_Header (preceded by an end-of-stream indicator) be
   saved by the packetizer for periodic injection in to the network
   stream.

3.2 MPEG Audio elementary streams

   MPEG1 Audio can be distinguished from MPEG2 Audio from the MPEG
   ancillary_data() header.  For either MPEG1 or MPEG2 Audio, distinct
   Presentation Time Stamps may be present for frames which correspond
   to either 384 samples for Layer-I, or 1152 samples for Layer-II or
   Layer-III.  The actual number of bytes required to represent this
   number of samples will vary depending on the encoder parameters.

   Multiple audio frames may be encapsulated within one RTP packet.  In
   this case, an integral number of audio frames must be contained
   within the packet and the fragmentation header defined in Section 3.5
   shall be set to 0.

   Also, if relatively short packets are to be used, one frame may be so
   large that it may straddle multiple RTP packets.  For example, for
   Layer-II MPEG audio sampled at a rate of 44.1 KHz each frame would
   represent a time slot of 26.1 msec. At this sampling rate if the
   compressed bit-rate is 384 kbits/sec (i.e.  48 kBytes/sec) then the
   average audio frame size would be 1.25 KBytes.  If packets were to be
   500 Bytes long, then each audio frame would straddle 3 RTP packets.

   The audio fragmentation indicator header (See Section 3.5) shall be
   present for an MPEG1/2 Audio payload type to provide for this
   fragmentation.

3.3 RTP Fixed Header for MPEG ES encapsulation

   The RTP header fields are used as follows:

        Payload Type: Distinct payload types should be assigned
          for video elementary streams and audio elementary streams.
          See [4] for payload type assignments.

        M bit:  For video, set to 1 on packet containing MPEG frame
          end code, 0 otherwise.  For audio, set to 1 on first packet of
          a "talk-spurt," 0 otherwise.

        PT:  MPEG video or audio stream ID.

        timestamp: 32-bit 90K Hz timestamp representing presentation
          time of MPEG picture or audio frame.  Same for all packets
          that make up a picture or audio frame.  May not be
          monotonically increasing in video stream if B pictures present
          in stream.  For packets that contain only a video sequence
          and/or GOP header, the timestamp is that of the subsequent
          picture.

3.4 MPEG Video-specific header

   This header shall be attached to each RTP packet after the RTP fixed
   header.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    MBZ  |T|         TR        | |N|S|B|E|  P  | | BFC | | FFC |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                   AN              FBV     FFV

        MBZ: Unused. Must be set to zero in current
           specification. This space is reserved for future use.

        T: MPEG-2 (Two) specific header extension present (1 bit).
           Set to 1 when the MPEG-2 video-specific header extension (see
           Section 3.4.1) follows this header. This extension may be
           needed for improved error resilience; however, its inclusion
           in an RTP packet is optional. (See Appendix 1.)

        TR: Temporal-Reference (10 bits). The temporal reference of
           the current picture within the current GOP. This value ranges
           from 0-1023 and is constant for all RTP packets of a given
           picture.

        AN: Active N bit for error resilience (1 bit). Set to 1 when
           the following bit (N) is used to signal changes in the
           picture header information for MPEG-2 payloads. It must be
           set to 0 for MPEG-1 payloads or when N bit is not used.

        N: New picture header (1 bit). Used for MPEG-2 payloads when
           the previous bit (AN) is set to 1. Otherwise, it must be set
           to zero. Set to 1 when the information contained in the
           previously transmitted Picture Headers can't be used to
           reconstruct a header for the current picture. This happens
           when the current picture is encoded using a different set of
           parameters than the previous pictures of the same type. The N
           bit must be constant for all RTP packets that belong to the
           same picture so that receipt of any packet from a picture
           allows detecting whether information necessary for
           reconstruction was contained in that picture (N = 1) or a
           previous one (N = 0).

        S: Sequence-header-present (1 bit). Normally 0 and set to 1 at
           the occurrence of each MPEG sequence header.  Used to detect
           presence of sequence header in RTP packet.

        B: Beginning-of-slice (BS) (1 bit). Set when the start of the
           packet payload is a slice start code, or when a slice start
           code is preceded only by one or more of a
           Video_Sequence_Header, GOP_header and/or Picture_Header.

        E: End-of-slice (ES) (1 bit). Set when the last byte of the
           payload is the end of an MPEG slice.

        P: Picture-Type (3 bits). I (1), P (2), B (3) or D (4). This
           value is constant for each RTP packet of a given picture.
           Value 000B is forbidden and 101B - 111B are reserved to
           support future extensions to the MPEG ES specification.

        FBV: full_pel_backward_vector
        BFC: backward_f_code
        FFV: full_pel_forward_vector
        FFC: forward_f_code
           Obtained from the most recent picture header, and are
           constant for each RTP packet of a given picture. For I frames
           none of these values are present in the picture header and
           they must be set to zero in the RTP header.  For P frames
           only the last two values are present and FBV and BFC must be
           set to zero in the RTP header. For B frames all the four
           values are present.

3.4.1 MPEG-2 Video-specific header extension

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |X|E|f_[0,0]|f_[0,1]|f_[1,0]|f_[1,1]| DC| PS|T|P|C|Q|V|A|R|H|G|D|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


        X: Unused (1 bit). Must be set to zero in current
           specification. This space is reserved for future use.

        E: Extensions present (1 bit). If set to 1, this header
           extension, including the composite display extension when D =
           1, will be followed by one or more of the following
           extensions: quant matrix extension, picture display
           extension, picture temporal scalable extension, picture
           spatial scalable extension and copyright extension.

           The first byte of these extensions data gives the length of
           the extensions in 32 bit words including the length field
           itself. Zero padding bytes are used at the end if required to
           align the extensions to 32 bit boundary.

           Since they may not be vital in decoding of a picture, the
           inclusion of any one of these extensions in an RTP packet is
           optional even when the MPEG-2 video-specific header extension
           is included in the packet (T = 1). (See Appendix 1.) If
           present, they should be copied from the corresponding
           extensions following the most recent MPEG-2 picture coding
           extension and they remain constant for each RTP packet of a
           given picture.

           The extension start code (32 bits) and the extension start
           code ID (4 bits) are included. Therefore the extensions are
           self identifying.

        f_[0,0]: forward horizontal f_code (4 bits)
        f_[0,1]: forward vertical f_code (4 bits)
        f_[1,0]: backward horizontal f_code (4 bits)
        f_[1,1]: backward vertical f_code (4 bits)
        DC: intra_DC_precision (2 bits)
        PS: picture_structure (2 bits)
        T: top_field_first (1 bit)
        P: frame_predicted_frame_dct (1 bit)
        C: concealment_motion_vectors (1 bit)
        Q: q_scale type (1 bit)
        V: intra_vlc_format (1 bit)
        A: alternate scan (1 bit)
        R: repeat_first_field (1 bit)
        H: chroma_420_type (1 bit)
        G: progressive frame (1 bit)
        D: composite_display_flag (1 bit). If set to 1, next 32 bits
           following this one contains 12 zeros followed by 20 bits
           of composite display information.

        These values are copied from the most recent picture coding
        extension and are constant for each RTP packet of a given
        picture. Their meanings are as explained in the MPEG-2 standard.

3.5 MPEG Audio-specific header

   This header shall be attached to each RTP packet at the start of the
   payload and after any RTP headers for an MPEG1/2 Audio payload type.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |             MBZ               |          Frag_offset          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

           Frag_offset: Byte offset into the audio frame for the data
                        in this packet.

4. Security Considerations

   RTP packets using the payload format defined in this specification
   are subject to the security considerations discussed in the RTP
   specification [3], and any appropriate RTP profile (for example [4]).
   This implies that confidentiality of the media streams is achieved by
   encryption. Because the data compression used with this payload
   format is applied end-to-end, encryption may be performed after
   compression so there is no conflict between the two operations.

   A potential denial-of-service threat exists for data encodings using
   compression techniques that have non-uniform receiver-end
   computational load. The attacker can inject pathological datagrams
   into the stream which are complex to decode and cause the receiver to
   be overloaded. However, this encoding does not exhibit any
   significant non-uniformity.

   As with any IP-based protocol, in some circumstances a receiver may
   be overloaded simply by the receipt of too many packets, either
   desired or undesired. Network-layer authentication may be used to
   discard packets from undesired sources, but the processing cost of
   the authentication itself may be too high. In a multicast
   environment, pruning of specific sources may be implemented in future
   versions of IGMP [5] and in multicast routing protocols to allow a
   receiver to select which sources are allowed to reach it.

   A security review of this payload format found no additional
   considerations beyond those in the RTP specification.

Appendix 1. Error Recovery and Resynchronization Strategies.

   The following error recovery and resynchronization strategies are
   intended to be guidelines only.  A compliant receiver is free to
   employ alternative (or no) strategies.

   When initially decoding an RTP-encapsulated MPEG Elementary Stream,
   the receiver may discard all packets until the Sequence-header-
   present bit is set to 1.  At this point, sufficient state information
   is contained in the stream to allow processing by an MPEG decoder.

   Loss of packets containing the GOP_header and/or Picture_Header are
   detected by an unexpected change in the Temporal-Reference and
   Picture-Type values.  Consider the following example GOP sequence:

        In display order: 0B 1B 2I 3B 4B 5P 6B 7B 8P GOP_HDR 0B ...
        In stream order:  2I 0B 1B 5P 3B 4B 8P 6B 7B GOP_HDR 2I ...

   Consider also two counters:

        ref_pic_temp (Reference Picture (I,P) Temporal Reference)
        dep_pic_temp (Dependent Picture (B) Temporal Reference)

   At each GOP beginning, set these counters to the temporal reference
   value of the corresponding picture type. For our example GOP
   sequence, ref_pic_temp = 2 and dep_pic_temp = 0. Keep incrementing
   BOTH counters by unity with each following picture. Ref_pic_temp
   should match the temporal references of the I and P frames, and
   dep_pic_temp should match the temporal references of the B frames.

       dep_pic_temp: -  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7        8  9
   In stream order:  2I 0B 1B 5P 3B 4B 8P 6B 7B GOP_H 2I 0B 1B ...
       ref_pic_temp: 2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  ^    11
                     --------------------------  |    ^
                                Match            Drop |
                                                      Mismatch
                                                       in ref_pic_temp

   The loss of a GOP header can be detected by matching the appropriate
   counter (based on picture type) to the temporal reference value. A
   mismatch indicates a lost GOP header. If desired, a GOP header can be
   re-constructed using a "null" time_code, repeating the closed_gop
   flag from previous GOP headers, and setting the broken_link flag to
   1.

   The loss of a Picture_Header can also be detected by a mismatch in
   the Temporal Reference contained in the RTP packet from the
   appropriate dep_pic_temp or ref_pic_temp counters at the receiver.

   For MPEG-1 payloads, after scanning to the next Beginning-of-slice
   the Picture_Header is reconstructed from the P, TR, FBV, BFC, FFV and
   FFC contained in that packet, and from stream-dependent default
   values.

   For MPEG-2, additional information is needed for the reconstruction.
   This information is provided by the MPEG-2 video specific header
   extension contained in that packet if the T bit is set to 1, or the
   Picture Header for the current picture may be available from previous
   packets belonging to the same picture. The transmitter's strategy for
   inclusion of the MPEG-2 video specific header extension may depend
   upon a number of factors. This header may not be needed when:

      1. the information has been transmitted a sufficient number of
      times in previous packets to assure reception with the desired
      probability, or

      2. the information is transmitted over a separate reliable
      channel, or

      3. expected loss rates are low enough that missed frames are not a
      concern, or

      4. conserving bandwidth is more important than error resilience,
      etc.

   If T=1 and E=0, there may be extensions present in the original video
   bitstream that are not included in the current packet. The
   transmitter may choose not to include extensions in a packet when
   they are not necessary for decoding or if one of the cases listed
   above for not including the MPEG-2 video specific header extension in
   a packet applies only to the extension data.

   If N=0, then the Picture Header from a previous picture of the same
   type (I,P or B) may be used so long as at least one packet has been
   received for every intervening picture of the same type and that the
   N bit was 0 for each of those pictures. This may involve:

      1. Saving the relevant picture header information that can be
      obtained from the MPEG-2 video specific header extension or
      directly from the video bitstream for each picture type,

      2. Keeping validity indicators for this saved information based on
      the received N bits and lost packets, and,

      3. Updating the data whenever a packet with N=1 is received.

   If the necessary information is not available from any of these
   sources, data deletion until a new picture start code is advised.

   Any time an RTP packet is lost (as indicated by a gap in the RTP
   sequence number), the receiver may discard all packets until the
   Beginning-of-slice bit is set.  At this point, sufficient state
   information is contained in the stream to allow processing by an MPEG
   decoder starting at the next slice boundary (possibly after
   reconstruction of the GOP_header and/or Picture_Header as described
   above).

References

   [1] ISO/IEC International Standard 11172; "Coding of moving pictures
       and associated audio for digital storage media up to about 1,5
       Mbits/s", November 1993.

   [2] ISO/IEC International Standard 13818; "Generic coding of moving
       pictures and associated audio information", November 1994.

   [3] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson,
       "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 1889,
       January 1996.

   [4] Schulzrinne, H., "RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences
       with Minimal Control", RFC 1890, January 1996.

   [5] Deering, S., "Host Extensions for IP Multicasting", STD 5,
       RFC 1112, August 1989.

Authors' Addresses

   Gerard Fernando
   Sun Microsystems, Inc.
   Mail-stop UMPK14-305
   2550 Garcia Avenue
   Mountain View, California 94043-1100
   USA

   Phone: +1 415-786-6373
   EMail: gerard.fernando@eng.sun.com
   Vivek Goyal
   Precept Software, Inc.
   1072 Arastradero Rd,
   Palo Alto, CA 94304
   USA

   Phone: +1 415-845-5200
   EMail: goyal@precept.com


   Don Hoffman
   Sun Microsystems, Inc.
   Mail-stop UMPK14-305
   2550 Garcia Avenue
   Mountain View, California 94043-1100
   USA

   Phone: +1 503-297-1580
   EMail: don.hoffman@eng.sun.com


   M. Reha Civanlar
   AT&T Labs - Research
   100 Schutlz Drive, 3-213
   Red Bank, NJ 07701-7033
   USA

   Phone: +1 732-345-3305
   EMail: civanlar@research.att.com

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