The E.164 to Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Application (ENUM)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                        S. Bradner
Request for Comments: 6116                            Harvard University
Obsoletes: 3761                                                L. Conroy
Category: Standards Track                            Roke Manor Research
ISSN: 2070-1721                                              K. Fujiwara
                                                                    JPRS
                                                              March 2011


            The E.164 to Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)
     Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Application (ENUM)


Abstract

   This document discusses the use of the Domain Name System (DNS) for
   storage of data associated with E.164 numbers, and for resolving
   those numbers into URIs that can be used (for example) in telephony
   call setup.  This document also describes how the DNS can be used to
   identify the services associated with an E.164 number.  This document
   obsoletes RFC 3761.

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6116.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1. Introduction ....................................................3
      1.1. Terminology ................................................3
   2. Use of These Mechanisms for Private Dialing Plans ...............4
   3. The ENUM Application Specifications .............................4
      3.1. Application Unique String ..................................4
      3.2. First Well Known Rule ......................................5
      3.3. Expected Output ............................................5
      3.4. Valid Databases ............................................5
           3.4.1. Optional Name Server Additional Section Processing ..6
           3.4.2. Flags ...............................................6
           3.4.3. Service Parameters ..................................7
                  3.4.3.1. ENUM Services ..............................7
                  3.4.3.2. Compound NAPTRs and Implicit
                           ORDER/PREFERENCE Values ....................8
      3.5. The ENUM Algorithm Always Returns a Single Rule ............8
      3.6. Case Sensitivity in ENUM ...................................8
      3.7. Collision Avoidance ........................................9
   4. ENUM Service Example ...........................................10
   5. Clarification of DDDS Use in ENUM ..............................10
      5.1. Collected Implications for ENUM Provisioning ..............11
      5.2. Collected Implications for ENUM Clients ...................13
           5.2.1. Non-Terminal NAPTR Processing ......................15
   6. IANA Considerations ............................................16
   7. Security Considerations ........................................17
      7.1. DNS Security ..............................................17
      7.2. Caching Security ..........................................18
      7.3. Call Routing Security .....................................19
      7.4. URI Resolution Security ...................................19
   8. Acknowledgements ...............................................19
   9. Changes from RFC 3761 ..........................................19
   10. References ....................................................20
      10.1. Normative References .....................................20
      10.2. Informative References ...................................21

1.  Introduction

   This document discusses the use of the Domain Name System (DNS)
   [RFC1034] [RFC1035] for storage of data associated with E.164 [E.164]
   numbers, and for resolving those numbers into URIs that can be used
   (for example) in telephony call setup.  This document also describes
   how the DNS can be used to identify the services associated with an
   E.164 number.  This document includes a Dynamic Delegation Discovery
   System (DDDS) Application specification, as detailed in the document
   series described in [RFC3401].  This document obsoletes [RFC3761].

   Using the process defined in this document, International Public
   Telecommunication Numbers in the international format defined in
   International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Recommendation E.164
   [E.164] (called here "E.164 numbers") can be transformed into DNS
   names.  Using existing DNS services (such as delegation through NS
   records and queries for NAPTR resource records), one can look up the
   services associated with that E.164 number.  This takes advantage of
   standard DNS architectural features of decentralized control and
   management of the different levels in the lookup process.

   The domain "e164.arpa" has been assigned to provide an infrastructure
   in the DNS for storage of data associated with E.164 numbers.  To
   facilitate distributed operations, this domain is divided into
   subdomains.  Holders of E.164 numbers who want these numbers to be
   listed in the DNS should contact the appropriate zone administrator
   as listed in the policy attached to the zone.  One should start
   looking for this information by examining the SOA resource record
   associated with the zone, just like in normal DNS operations.

   Of course, as with other domains, policies for such listings will be
   controlled on a subdomain basis and may differ in different parts of
   the world.

1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119
   [RFC2119].

   DNS resource record types mentioned in this document are defined,
   respectively, in [RFC1035] (NS, SOA, A, MX), [RFC3403] (NAPTR), and
   [RFC2782] (SRV).

   All other capitalized terms are taken from the vocabulary found in
   the DDDS algorithm specification found in [RFC3402].

2.  Use of These Mechanisms for Private Dialing Plans

   Similar mechanisms might be used for other kinds of digit strings
   (such as numbers in private dialing plans).  If these mechanisms are
   used for dialing plans (or for other unrelated digit strings), the
   domain apex used for such translation MUST NOT be e164.arpa, to avoid
   conflict with this specification.

   Also, the Application Unique String (see Section 3.1) used with
   dialing plans SHOULD be the full number as specified, without the
   leading '+' character.  The '+' character is used to further
   distinguish E.164 numbers in international format from dialed digit
   strings or other digit sequences.

      For example, to address the E.164 number +44-3069-990038 a user
      might dial "03069990038" or "00443069990038" or "011443069990038".
      These dialed digit strings differ from one another, but none of
      them start with the '+' character.

   Finally, if these techniques are used for dialing plans or other
   digit strings, implementers and operators of systems using these
   techniques for such purpose MUST NOT describe these schemes as
   "ENUM".  The initial "E" in ENUM stands for E.164, and the term
   "ENUM" is used exclusively to describe application of these
   techniques to E.164 numbers according to this specification.

3.  The ENUM Application Specifications

   This template defines the ENUM DDDS Application according to the
   rules and requirements found in [RFC3402].  The DDDS database used by
   this Application is found in [RFC3403], which is the document that
   defines the NAPTR DNS resource record type.

   ENUM is designed as a way to translate from E.164 numbers to URIs
   using NAPTR records stored in DNS.  The First Well Known Rule for any
   ENUM query creates a key (a fully qualified domain name, or FQDN,
   within the e164.arpa domain apex) from an E.164 number.  This FQDN is
   queried for NAPTR records and returned records are processed and
   interpreted according to this specification.

3.1.  Application Unique String

   The Application Unique String (AUS) is a fully qualified E.164 number
   minus any non-digit characters except for the '+' character that
   appears at the beginning of the number.  The '+' is kept to provide a
   well-understood anchor for the AUS in order to distinguish it from
   other telephone numbers that are not part of the E.164 namespace.

   For example, the E.164 number could start out as "+44-116-496-0348".
   To ensure that no syntactic sugar is allowed into the AUS, all non-
   digits except for '+' are removed, yielding "+441164960348".

3.2.  First Well Known Rule

   The First Well Known Rule converts an AUS into an initial key.  That
   key is used as an index into the Application's Rules Database.  For
   ENUM, the Rules Database is the DNS, so the key is a fully qualified
   domain name (FQDN).

   In order to convert the AUS to a unique key in this database, the
   string is converted into a domain name according to this algorithm:

   1. Remove all characters with the exception of the digits.  For
      example, given the E.164 number "+44-20-7946-0148" (which would
      then have been converted into an AUS of "+442079460148"), this
      step would simply remove the leading '+', producing
      "442079460148".
   2. Reverse the order of the digits.  Example: "841064970244"
   3. Put dots ('.') between each digit.  Example:
      "8.4.1.0.6.4.9.7.0.2.4.4"
   4. Append the string ".e164.arpa." to the end and interpret as a
      domain name.  Example: 8.4.1.0.6.4.9.7.0.2.4.4.e164.arpa.

   The E.164 namespace and this Application's database are organized in
   such a way that it is possible to go directly from the name to the
   smallest granularity of the namespace directly from the name itself,
   so no further processing is required to generate the initial key.

   This domain name is used to request NAPTR records.  Each of these
   records may contain the end result or, if its flags field is empty,
   produces a new key in the form of a domain name that is used to
   request further NAPTR records from the DNS.

3.3.  Expected Output

   The output of the last DDDS loop is a Uniform Resource Identifier in
   its absolute form according to the <absolute-URI> production in the
   Collected ABNF found in [RFC3986].

3.4.  Valid Databases

   At present only one DDDS Database is specified for this Application.
   "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Part Three: The DNS
   Database" [RFC3403] specifies a DDDS Database that uses the NAPTR DNS
   resource record to contain the rewrite Rules.  The keys for this
   database are encoded as domain names.

   The character set used for the substitution expression is UTF-8
   [RFC3629].  The allowed input characters are all those characters
   that are allowed anywhere in an E.164 number.  The characters allowed
   to be in a key are those that are currently defined for DNS domain
   names.

3.4.1.  Optional Name Server Additional Section Processing

   Some nameserver implementations attempt to be intelligent about items
   that are inserted into the additional information section of a given
   DNS response.  For example, BIND will attempt to determine if it is
   authoritative for a domain whenever it encodes one into a packet.  If
   it is, then it will insert any A records it finds for that domain
   into the additional information section of the answer until the
   packet reaches the maximum length allowed.  It is therefore
   potentially useful for a client to check for this additional
   information.

   It is also easy to contemplate an ENUM enhanced nameserver that
   understands the actual contents of the NAPTR records it is serving
   and inserts more appropriate information into the additional
   information section of the response.  Thus, DNS servers MAY interpret
   flag values and use that information to include appropriate resource
   records in the additional information section of the DNS packet.
   Clients are encouraged to check for additional information but are
   not required to do so.  See Section 4.2 of [RFC3403] ("Additional
   Information Processing") for more information on NAPTR records and
   the additional information section of a DNS response packet.

3.4.2.  Flags

   This Database contains a field that contains flags that signal when
   the DDDS algorithm has finished.  At this time only one flag, "U", is
   defined.  This means that this Rule is the last one and that the
   output of the Rule is a URI [RFC3986].  See Section 4.3 of [RFC3404].

   If a client encounters a resource record with an unknown flag, it
   MUST ignore it and move to the next Rule.  This test takes precedence
   over any ordering since flags can control the interpretation placed
   on fields.

   A novel flag might change the interpretation of the Regexp and/or
   Replacement fields such that it is impossible to determine if a
   resource record matched a given target.

   If this flag is not present, then this Rule is non-terminal.  If a
   Rule is non-terminal, then the result produced by this rewrite Rule
   MUST be an FQDN.  Clients MUST use this result as the new Key in the
   DDDS loop (i.e., the client will query for NAPTR resource records at
   this FQDN).

3.4.3.  Service Parameters

   Service Parameters for this Application take the following Augmented
   Backus-Naur Form (ABNF, specified in [RFC5234]) and are found in the
   Services field of the NAPTR record that holds a terminal Rule.  Where
   the NAPTR holds a non-terminal Rule, the Services field SHOULD be
   empty, and clients SHOULD ignore its content.

         service-field = "E2U" 1*(servicespec)
         servicespec   = "+" enumservice
         enumservice   = type 0*(subtypespec)
         subtypespec   = ":" subtype
         type          = 1*32(ALPHA / DIGIT / "-")
         subtype       = 1*32(ALPHA / DIGIT / "-")

   In other words, a non-optional "E2U" (used to denote ENUM only
   Rewrite Rules in order to mitigate record collisions) is followed by
   one or more Enumservices that indicate the class of functionality a
   given end point offers.  Each Enumservice is indicated by an initial
   '+' character.

3.4.3.1.  ENUM Services

   Enumservices may be specified and registered via the process defined
   in "IANA Registration of Enumservices: Guide, Template, and IANA
   Considerations" [RFC6117].  This registration process is not open to
   any Enumservice that has '-' as the second character in its type
   string.

   In particular, this registration process is not open to Enumservice
   types starting with the facet "X-".  This "X-" facet is reserved for
   experimental or trial use, and any such Enumservices cannot be
   registered using the normal process.

   Finally, any Enumservice type that starts with the facet "P-" is
   intended for use exclusively on private networks.  As such, NAPTRs
   containing Enumservice types starting "P-" should not be seen on the
   global Internet.  Even if an ENUM client recognizes and can engage in
   the Enumservice, it may be incapable of resolving the URI generated
   by the containing NAPTR.  These Enumservices WILL NOT be registered.

   Such Enumservices MUST NOT be provisioned in any system that provides
   answers to DNS queries for NAPTR resource record sets (RRSets) from
   entities outside the private network context in which these
   Enumservices are intended for use.  Unless an ENUM client is sure
   that it is connected to the private network for which these NAPTRs
   are provisioned and intended, it MUST discard any NAPTR with an
   Enumservice type that starts with the "P-" facet.

3.4.3.2.  Compound NAPTRs and Implicit ORDER/PREFERENCE Values

   It is possible to have more than one Enumservice associated with a
   single NAPTR.  These Enumservices share the same Regexp field and so
   generate the same URI.  Such a "compound" NAPTR could well be used to
   indicate a mobile phone that supports both "voice:tel" and "sms:tel"
   Enumservices.  The Services field in that case would be
   "E2U+voice:tel+sms:tel".

   A compound NAPTR can be treated as a set of NAPTRs that each hold a
   single Enumservice.  These reconstructed NAPTRs share the same ORDER
   and PREFERENCE/PRIORITY field values but should be treated as if each
   had a logically different priority.  A left-to-right priority is
   assumed.

3.5.  The ENUM Algorithm Always Returns a Single Rule

   The ENUM algorithm always returns a single Rule.  Individual
   applications may have application-specific knowledge or facilities
   that allow them to present multiple results or speed selection, but
   these should never change the operation of the algorithm.

3.6.  Case Sensitivity in ENUM

   Case sensitivity was not mentioned at all in [RFC3761] (or
   [RFC2916]), but has been seen as an issue during interoperability
   test events since then.  There are a lot of case-sensitive clients in
   current deployment.

   The only place where NAPTR field content is case sensitive is in any
   static text in the Repl sub-field of the Regexp field (see Section
   3.2 of [RFC3402] for Regexp field definitions).  In that sub-field,
   case must be preserved when generating the record output.  Elsewhere,
   case sensitivity is not used.

   Where ENUM clients can be exposed to NAPTR records that may hold
   field content of different capitalization, clients MUST use case-
   insensitive processing.  ENUM clients that operate using the Internet
   to send their queries, typically called "Public ENUM" scenarios, fall
   into this category.

   Some ENUM clients operate within closed networks; for example, within
   isolated data networks operated by Communication Service Providers.
   These are typically called "Infrastructure ENUM" scenarios.  All
   zones provisioned within such closed networks usually have a known
   capitalization for ENUM record string content, as provisioning
   systems for such networks are often carefully controlled.  In such an
   environment, clients are never exposed to records with capitalization
   that is "unexpected" and so can be (and have been) designed with case
   sensitive processing.  Only if a client is known to operate in an
   environment in which capitalization of all ENUM records it will
   encounter is known and controlled MAY that client use case sensitive
   processing.

3.7.  Collision Avoidance

   An ENUM-compliant application MUST only pass numbers to the ENUM
   client query process that it believes are E.164 numbers (e.g., it
   MUST NOT pass dialed digit strings to the ENUM query process).

   Since number plans may change over time, it can be impossible for a
   client to know if the number it intends to query is assigned and
   active within the current number plan.  Thus it is important that
   such clients can distinguish data associated with the E.164 number
   plan from that associated with other digit strings (i.e., numbers NOT
   in accordance with the E.164 number plan).

   It is the responsibility of operators that are provisioning data into
   domains to ensure that data associated with a query on an E.164
   number cannot be mistaken for data associated with other uses of
   NAPTRs.

   Three techniques are used to achieve this:

   o  the domain apex used for purposes other than data associated with
      the E.164 number plan MUST NOT be e164.arpa.

   o  for use other than with E.164 numbers, the Application Unique
      String MUST NOT begin with the '+' character, whilst for ENUM use,
      the AUS MUST begin with this character.

   o  NAPTRs that are intended for other DDDS applications MUST NOT
      include the E2U token in their service field, whilst NAPTRs
      intended for ENUM use MUST include this token.

4.  ENUM Service Example

      $ORIGIN 3.8.0.0.6.9.2.3.6.1.4.4.e164.arpa.
       NAPTR 100 50 "u" "E2U+sip"
           "!^(\\+441632960083)$!sip:\\1@example.com!"    .
       NAPTR 100 51 "u" "E2U+h323"
           "!^\\+441632960083$!h323:operator@example.com!"    .
       NAPTR 100 52 "u" "E2U+email:mailto"
           "!^.*$!mailto:info@example.com!"    .

   This describes that the domain 3.8.0.0.6.9.2.3.6.1.4.4.e164.arpa. is
   preferably contacted by SIP, secondly via H.323 for voice, and
   thirdly by SMTP for messaging.  Note that the Enumservice tokens
   "sip", "h323", and "email" are Enumservice Types registered with
   IANA, and they have no implicit connection with the protocols or URI
   schemes with the same names.

   In all cases, the next step in the resolution process is to use the
   resolution mechanism for each of the protocols (specified by the URI
   schemes sip, h323, and mailto) to know what node to contact.

   In each of the first two records, the ERE sub-field matches only
   queries that have been made for the telephone number +441632960083.
   In the last record, the ERE matches any Application Unique String
   value.  The first record also demonstrates how the matched pattern
   can be used in the generated URI.

   Note that where NAPTR resource records are shown in DNS master file
   syntax (as in this example above), each backslash must itself be
   escaped using a second backslash.  The DNS on-the-wire packet will
   have only a single backslash in each case.

5.  Clarification of DDDS Use in ENUM

   ENUM is a DDDS Application.  This means that it relies on the DDDS
   for its operation.  DDDS is designed to be flexible, but that opens
   the possibility of differences of interpretation.  This section is
   intended to cover ENUM-specific interpretation of text within the
   DDDS specifications.  The goal is to ensure interoperability between
   ENUM clients and provisioning systems used to populate domains with
   E2U NAPTRs.

   As part of on-going development work on the ENUM specifications,
   [RFC5483] provides an (informative) analysis of the way in which ENUM
   client and provisioning system implementations behave and the
   interoperability issues that have arisen.  The following
   recommendations reflect that analysis, and further narrative
   explaining the issues can be found in that RFC.

5.1.  Collected Implications for ENUM Provisioning

   ENUM NAPTRs SHOULD NOT include characters outside the printable US-
   ASCII equivalent range (U+0020 to U+007E) unless it is clear that all
   ENUM clients they are designed to support will be able to process
   such characters correctly.  If ENUM zone provisioning systems require
   non-ASCII characters, these systems MUST encode the non-ASCII data to
   emit only US-ASCII characters by applying the appropriate mechanism
   (such as those in [RFC3492], [RFC3987]).  Non-printable characters
   SHOULD NOT be used, as ENUM clients may need to present NAPTR content
   in a human-readable form.

   The case-sensitivity flag ('i') is inappropriate for ENUM, and SHOULD
   NOT be provisioned into the Regexp field of E2U NAPTRs.

   The Registrant and the ENUM zone provisioning system he or she uses
   SHOULD NOT rely on ENUM clients solely taking account of the value of
   the ORDER and the PREFERENCE/PRIORITY fields in ENUM NAPTRs.  Thus, a
   Registrant SHOULD place into his or her zone only contacts that he or
   she is willing to support; even those with the worst ORDER and
   PREFERENCE/PRIORITY values MAY be selected by an end user.

   All E2U NAPTRs SHOULD hold a default value in their ORDER field.  A
   value of "100" is recommended, as it seems to be used in most
   provisioned domains.

      Some ENUM clients have been known to pre-discard NAPTRs within an
      RRSet simply because these records do not have the lowest ORDER
      value found in that RRSet.  Other ENUM client implementations
      appear to have confused ORDER and PREFERENCE/PRIORITY fields,
      using the latter as the major sort term rather than the former as
      specified.  Conversely, ENUM zones have been provisioned within
      which the ORDER value varies but the PREFERENCE/PRIORITY field
      value is static.  This may have been intentional, but given the
      different client behavior in the face of varying ORDER field
      values, it may not produce the desired response.

   Multiple NAPTRs with identical ORDER and identical PREFERENCE/
   PRIORITY field values SHOULD NOT be provisioned into an RRSet unless
   the intent is that these NAPTRs are truly identical and there is no
   preference between them.  Implementers SHOULD NOT assume that the DNS
   will deliver NAPTRs within an RRSet in a particular sequence.

   An ENUM zone provisioning system SHOULD assume that, if it generates
   compound NAPTRs, the Enumservices will normally be processed in left-
   to-right order within such NAPTRs.

   ENUM zone provisioning systems SHOULD assume that, once a non-
   terminal NAPTR has been selected for processing, the ORDER field
   value in a domain referred to by that non-terminal NAPTR will be
   considered only within the context of that referenced domain (i.e.,
   the ORDER value will be used only to sort within the current RRSet
   and will not be used in the processing of NAPTRs in any other RRSet).

   ENUM zone provisioning systems SHOULD use '!' (U+0021) as their
   Regexp delimiter character.

   If the Regexp delimiter is a character in the static text of the Repl
   sub-field, it MUST be "escaped" using the escaped-delimiter
   production of the BNF specification shown in Section 3.2 of [RFC3402]
   (i.e., "\!", U+005C U+0021).  Note that when a NAPTR resource record
   is entered in DNS master file syntax, the backslash itself must be
   escaped using a second backslash.

   If present in the ERE sub-field of an ENUM NAPTR, the literal
   character '+' MUST be escaped as "\+" (i.e.  U+005C U+002B).  Note
   that, as always, when a NAPTR resource record is entered in DNS
   master file syntax, the backslash itself must be escaped using a
   second backslash.

   Whilst this client behavior is non-compliant, ENUM provisioning
   systems and their users should be aware that some ENUM clients have
   been detected with poor (or no) support for non-trivial ERE sub-field
   expressions.

   ENUM provisioning systems SHOULD be cautious in the use of multiple
   back-reference patterns in the Repl sub-field of NAPTRs they
   provision.  Some clients have limited buffer space for character
   expansion when generating URIs.  These provisioning systems SHOULD
   check the back-reference replacement patterns they use, ensuring that
   regular expression processing will not produce excessive-length URIs.

   ENUM zones MUST NOT be provisioned with NAPTRs according to the
   obsolete syntax of [RFC2916], and MUST be provisioned with NAPTRs in
   which the Services field is according to Section 3.4.3 of this
   document.

      [RFC2915] and [RFC2916] have been obsoleted by [RFC3401]-[RFC3404]
      and by this document, respectively.

   Enumservices in which the Enumservice type starts with the facet "P-"
   MUST NOT be provisioned in any system that provides answers to DNS
   queries for NAPTR resource record sets from entities outside the
   private network context in which these Enumservices are intended for
   use.

   As current support is limited, non-terminal NAPTRs SHOULD NOT be
   provisioned in ENUM zones unless it is clear that all ENUM clients
   that this environment supports can process these.

   When populating a set of domains with NAPTRs, ENUM zone provisioning
   systems SHOULD NOT configure non-terminal NAPTRs so that more than 5
   such NAPTRs will be processed in an ENUM query.

   In a non-terminal NAPTR that may be encountered in an ENUM query
   (i.e., one with an empty Flags field), the Services field SHOULD be
   empty.

   A non-terminal NAPTR MUST include its target domain in the
   (non-empty) Replacement field, as this field will be interpreted as
   holding the FQDN that forms the next key output from this non-
   terminal Rule.  The Regexp field MUST be empty in a non-terminal
   NAPTR intended to be encountered during an ENUM query.

5.2.  Collected Implications for ENUM Clients

   If a NAPTR is discarded, this SHOULD NOT cause the whole ENUM query
   to terminate and processing SHOULD continue with the next NAPTR in
   the returned RRSet.

   ENUM clients SHOULD NOT discard NAPTRs in which they detect
   characters outside the US-ASCII printable range (0x20 to 0x7E
   hexadecimal).

   ENUM clients MAY discard NAPTRs that have octets in the Flags,
   Services, or Regexp fields that have byte values outside the US-ASCII
   equivalent range (i.e., byte values above 0x7F).  Clients MUST be
   ready to encounter NAPTRs with such values without failure.

   ENUM clients MUST sort the records of a retrieved NAPTR RRSet into
   sequence using the ORDER and PREFERENCE fields of those records.  The
   ORDER is to be treated as the major sort term, with lowest numerical
   values being earlier in the sequence.  The PREFERENCE/PRIORITY field
   is to be treated as the minor sort term, with lowest numerical values
   being earlier in the sequence.

   ENUM clients SHOULD NOT discard a NAPTR record until it is considered
   or a record previous to it in the evaluation sequence has been
   accepted.

      Notably, if a record has a "worse" ORDER value than others in this
      RRSet, that record MUST NOT be discarded before consideration
      unless a record has been accepted as the result of this ENUM
      query.

   Where the ENUM client presents a list of possible URLs to the end
   user for his or her choice, it MAY present all NAPTRs -- not just the
   ones with the lowest currently unprocessed ORDER field value.  The
   client SHOULD observe the ORDER and PREFERENCE/PRIORITY values
   specified by the Registrant.

   ENUM clients SHOULD accept all NAPTRs with identical ORDER and
   identical PREFERENCE/PRIORITY field values, and process them in the
   sequence in which they appear in the DNS response.  (There is no
   benefit in further randomizing the order in which these are
   processed, as intervening DNS Servers might have done this already).

   ENUM clients SHOULD consider the ORDER field value only when sorting
   NAPTRs within a single RRSet.  The ORDER field value SHOULD NOT be
   taken into account when processing NAPTRs across a sequence of DNS
   queries created by traversal of non-terminal NAPTR references.

   ENUM clients receiving compound NAPTRs (i.e., ones with more than one
   Enumservice) SHOULD process these Enumservices using a left-to-right
   sort ordering, so that the first Enumservice to be processed will be
   the leftmost one, and the last will be the rightmost one.

   ENUM clients MUST be ready to process NAPTRs that use a different
   character from '!' as their Regexp Delimiter without failure.

   ENUM clients SHOULD NOT assume that the delimiter is the last
   character of the Regexp field.

      Unless they are sure that in their environment this is the case,
      in general an ENUM client may still encounter NAPTRs that have
      been provisioned with a following 'i' (case-insensitive) flag,
      even though that flag has no effect at all in an ENUM scenario.

   ENUM clients SHOULD discard NAPTRs that have more or less than 3
   unescaped instances of the delimiter character within the Regexp
   field.

      In the spirit of being liberal with what it will accept, if the
      ENUM client is sure how the Regexp field should be interpreted, it
      MAY choose to process the NAPTR even in the face of an incorrect
      number of unescaped delimiter characters.  If it is not clear how
      the Regexp field should be interpreted, the client MUST discard
      the NAPTR.

   ENUM clients MUST be ready to process NAPTRs that have non-trivial
   patterns in their ERE sub-field values without failure.

   ENUM clients MUST be ready to process NAPTRs with many copies of
   back-reference patterns within the Repl sub-field without failure.

   ENUM clients MUST be ready to process NAPTRs with a DDDS Application
   identifier other than 'E2U' without failure.

   When an ENUM client encounters a compound NAPTR (i.e., one containing
   more than one Enumservice) and cannot process or cannot recognize one
   of the Enumservices within it, that ENUM client SHOULD ignore this
   Enumservice and continue with the next Enumservice within this
   NAPTR's Services field, discarding the NAPTR only if it cannot handle
   any of the Enumservices contained.  These conditions SHOULD NOT be
   considered errors.

   ENUM clients MUST support ENUM NAPTRs according to syntax defined in
   Section 3.4.3.  ENUM clients SHOULD also support ENUM NAPTRs
   according to the obsolete syntax of [RFC2916]; there are still zones
   that hold "old" syntax NAPTRs.  The informational [RFC3824]
   recommended such support.

   Unless an ENUM client is sure that it is connected to the private
   network for which these NAPTRs are provisioned and intended, it MUST
   discard any NAPTR with an Enumservice type that starts with the "P-"
   facet.

5.2.1.  Non-Terminal NAPTR Processing

   ENUM clients MUST be ready to process NAPTRs with an empty Flags
   field ("non-terminal" NAPTRs) without failure.  More generally, non-
   terminal NAPTR processing SHOULD be implemented, but ENUM clients MAY
   discard non-terminal NAPTRs they encounter.

   ENUM clients SHOULD ignore any content of the Services field when
   encountering a non-terminal NAPTR with an empty Flags field.

   ENUM clients receiving a non-terminal NAPTR with an empty Flags field
   MUST treat the Replacement field as holding the FQDN to be used in
   the next round of the ENUM query.  An ENUM client MUST discard such a
   non-terminal NAPTR if the Replacement field is empty or does not
   contain a valid FQDN.  By definition, it follows that the Regexp
   field will be empty in such a non-terminal NAPTR.  If present in a
   non-terminal NAPTR, a non-empty Regexp field MUST be ignored by ENUM
   clients.

   If a problem is detected when processing an ENUM query across
   multiple domains (by following non-terminal NAPTR references), the
   ENUM query SHOULD NOT be abandoned, but instead processing SHOULD
   continue at the next NAPTR after the non-terminal NAPTR that referred
   to the domain in which the problem would have occurred.

   If all NAPTRs in a domain traversed as a result of a reference in a
   non-terminal NAPTR have been discarded, the ENUM client SHOULD
   continue its processing with the next NAPTR in the "referring" RRSet
   (i.e., the one including the non-terminal NAPTR that caused the
   traversal).

   ENUM clients MUST be prepared to encounter a referential loop in
   which a sequence of non-terminal NAPTRs are retrieved within an ENUM
   query that refer back to an earlier FQDN.  ENUM clients MUST be able
   to detect and recover from such a loop, without failure.

   ENUM clients MAY consider a chain of more than 5 "non-terminal"
   NAPTRs traversed in a single ENUM query as an indication that a
   referential loop has been entered.

   When a domain is about to be entered as the result of a reference in
   a non-terminal NAPTR, and the ENUM client has detected a potential
   referential loop, the client SHOULD discard the non-terminal NAPTR
   from its processing and continue with the next NAPTR in its list.  It
   SHOULD NOT make the DNS query indicated by that non-terminal NAPTR.

6.  IANA Considerations

   RFC 2916 and then RFC 3761 (which this document replaces) requested
   IANA to delegate the E164.ARPA domain following instructions that
   were provided by the IAB (as described in [RFC3245]).  The domain was
   delegated according to those instructions (which are published at
   <http://www.ripe.net/data-tools/dns/enum/iab-instructions>).

   Names within this zone are to be delegated to parties consistent with
   ITU Recommendation E.164.  The names allocated should be hierarchic
   in accordance with ITU Recommendation E.164, and the codes should be
   assigned in accordance with that Recommendation.

   The IAB is to coordinate with the ITU Telecommunications
   Standardization Bureau (TSB) if the technical contact for the domain
   e164.arpa is to change, as ITU TSB has an operational working
   relationship with this technical contact that would need to be
   reestablished.

   See [RFC6117] for Enumservice-related IANA Considerations.

7.  Security Considerations

7.1.  DNS Security

   As ENUM uses DNS, which in its current form is an insecure protocol,
   there is no mechanism for ensuring that the data one gets back is
   authentic.  As ENUM is deployed on the global Internet, it is
   expected to be a popular target for various kinds of attacks, and
   attacking the underlying DNS infrastructure is one way of attacking
   the ENUM service itself.

   There are multiple types of attacks that can happen against DNS that
   ENUM implementations should consider.  See Threat Analysis of the
   Domain Name System [RFC3833] for a review of the various threats to
   the DNS.

   Because of these threats, a deployed ENUM service SHOULD include
   mechanisms to mitigate these threats.  Most of the threats can be
   solved by verifying the authenticity of the data via mechanisms such
   as DNS Security (DNSSEC) [RFC4033].

   Others, such as Denial-Of-Service attacks, cannot be solved by data
   authentication.  It is important to remember that these threats
   include not only the NAPTR lookups themselves, but also the various
   records needed for the services to be useful (for example NS, MX,
   SRV, and A records).

   Even if DNSSEC is deployed, it cannot protect against every kind of
   attack on DNS.  ENUM is often used for number or address translation;
   retrieving an address through an ENUM lookup with DNSSEC support does
   not, however, ensure that the service is immune to attack.  It is
   unwise for a service blindly to trust that the address it has
   retrieved is valid and that the entity to which it connects using
   that address is the service peer it intended to contact.  A service
   SHOULD always authenticate the entity to which it connects during the
   service setup phase, and not rely on address or identity data
   retrieved outside that service.

   Finally, as an ENUM service will be implementing some type of
   security mechanism, software that implements ENUM MUST be prepared to
   receive DNSSEC and other standardized DNS security responses,
   including large responses and other EDNS0 signaling (see [RFC2671]),
   unknown resource records (see [RFC3597]), and so on.

7.2.  Caching Security

   The DNS architecture makes extensive use of caching of records at
   intermediary nodes to improve performance.  The propagation time (for
   changes to resource records to be reflected in query responses to end
   nodes) approaches the "time to live" value for those records.  There
   may be a number of different resource records involved in the
   resolution of a communication target.  Changes to these records may
   not be synchronized (particularly if these resource records indicate
   different times to live).  Thus a change in any one of these records
   may cause inappropriate decisions on communications targets to be
   made.  Given that DNS Update (specified in [RFC2136]) can introduce
   quite rapid changes in content in different zones, these transient
   states may become important.

   Consider a typical set of queries that follow an ENUM query that
   returns a SIP URI (for details, see [RFC3263]):

   o  Evaluation of the SIP URI triggers a query on the SIP domainpart
      for D2U/D2T NAPTRs.

   o  This in turn triggers a query on that record's target domain for
      SRV records.

   o  The SRV records will return the SIP server hostname, which will
      trigger a further query on that hostname for an A record to get
      the server's associated IP address.

   o  Finally, the local SIP User Agent Client will then attempt to
      initiate a communications session to that IP address.

   The E2U NAPTR may have changed its URI, indicating a new SIP
   identity.  The D2U NAPTR for the SIP URI domainpart may have changed
   its target.  The SRV record pointed to by that D2U NAPTR may have
   changed its target hostname.  The hostname's A record may have
   changed its IP address.  Finally, if the server exists in an
   environment where IP-addresses are dynamically assigned (for example,
   when using DHCP [RFC2131]), an unexpected end point may have been
   allocated to the IP address returned from the SIP resolution chain.

   In environments where changes to any of the chain of resource records
   or dynamic assignments to IP addresses occur, those systems
   provisioning this data SHOULD take care to minimize changes and to
   consider the respective times to live of resource records and/or DHCP
   lease times.  Users of this data SHOULD take care to detect and
   recover from unintended communications session attempts; in a
   transient environment, these may occur.

7.3.  Call Routing Security

   There are a number of countries (and other numbering environments) in
   which there are multiple providers of call routing and number/name-
   translation services.  In these areas, any system that permits users,
   or putative agents for users, to change routing or supplier
   information may provide incentives for changes that are actually
   unauthorized (and, in some cases, for denial of legitimate change
   requests).  Such environments should be designed with adequate
   mechanisms for identification and authentication of those requesting
   changes and for authorization of those changes.

7.4.  URI Resolution Security

   A large amount of security issues have to do with the resolution
   process itself, and use of the URIs produced by the DDDS mechanism.
   Those have to be specified in the registration of the Enumservice
   used, as specified in "IANA Registration of Enumservices: Guide,
   Template, and IANA Considerations" [RFC6117].

8.  Acknowledgements

   This document is an update of RFC 3761, which was edited by Patrik
   Faltstrom and Michael Mealling.  Please see the Acknowledgements
   section in that RFC for additional acknowledgements.  The authors
   would also like to thank Alfred Hoenes and Bernie Hoeneisen for their
   detailed reviews.

9.  Changes from RFC 3761

   A section has been added to explain the way in which DDDS is used
   with this specification.  These recommendations have been collected
   from experience of ENUM deployment.  Differences of interpretation of
   the DDDS specifications led to interoperability issues; this document
   updates RFC 3761 to add many clarifications, intended to ameliorate
   interoperability.

   Clarifications include a default value for the ORDER field and for
   the Regexp delimiter character, required use of Replacement field in
   non-terminal NAPTRs, and that string matching is case insensitive
   (Section 3.6).

   Other substantive changes include removing the discussion of
   registration mechanisms, (now specified in "IANA Registration of
   Enumservices: Guide, Template, and IANA Considerations" [RFC6117]),
   correcting an existing error by adding "-" as a valid character in
   the type and subtype fields specified in Services Parameters (Section
   3.4.3) and adding the "P-" private service type (Section 3.4.3.1).

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [E.164]   ITU-T, "The International Public Telecommunication Number
             Plan", Recommendation E.164, February 2005.

   [RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
             STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.

   [RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
             specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.

   [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
             Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3402] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
             Part Two: The Algorithm", RFC 3402, October 2002.

   [RFC3403] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
             Part Three: The Domain Name System (DNS) Database", RFC
             3403, October 2002.

   [RFC3404] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
             Part Four: The Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)", RFC
             3404, October 2002.

   [RFC3492] Costello, A., "Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode
             for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)",
             RFC 3492, March 2003.

   [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646",
             STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.

   [RFC3761] Faltstrom, P. and M. Mealling, "The E.164 to Uniform
             Resource Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation Discovery
             System (DDDS) Application (ENUM)", RFC 3761, April 2004.

   [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
             Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
             3986, January 2005.

   [RFC3987] Duerst, M. and M. Suignard, "Internationalized Resource
             Identifiers (IRIs)", RFC 3987, January 2005.

   [RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed., and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
             Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.

10.2.  Informative References

   [RFC2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC 2131,
             March 1997.

   [RFC2136] Vixie, P., Ed., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., and J. Bound,
             "Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)",
             RFC 2136, April 1997.

   [RFC2671] Vixie, P., "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)", RFC
             2671, August 1999.

   [RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
             specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782,
             February 2000.

   [RFC2915] Mealling, M. and R. Daniel, "The Naming Authority Pointer
             (NAPTR) DNS Resource Record", RFC 2915, September 2000.

   [RFC2916] Faltstrom, P., "E.164 number and DNS", RFC 2916, September
             2000.

   [RFC3245] Klensin, J., Ed., and IAB, "The History and Context of
             Telephone Number Mapping (ENUM) Operational Decisions:
             Informational Documents Contributed to ITU-T Study Group 2
             (SG2)", RFC 3245, March 2002.

   [RFC3263] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Session Initiation
             Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers", RFC 3263, June 2002.

   [RFC3401] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
             Part One: The Comprehensive DDDS", RFC 3401, October 2002.

   [RFC3597] Gustafsson, A., "Handling of Unknown DNS Resource Record
             (RR) Types", RFC 3597, September 2003.

   [RFC3824] Peterson, J., Liu, H., Yu, J., and B. Campbell, "Using
             E.164 numbers with the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
             RFC 3824, June 2004.

   [RFC3833] Atkins, D. and R. Austein, "Threat Analysis of the Domain
             Name System (DNS)", RFC 3833, August 2004.

   [RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
             Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC
             4033, March 2005.

   [RFC5483] Conroy, L. and K. Fujiwara, "ENUM Implementation Issues and
             Experiences", RFC 5483, March 2009.

   [RFC6117] Hoeneisen, B., Mayrhofer, A., and J. Livingood, "IANA
             Registration of Enumservices: Guide, Template, and IANA
             Considerations" RFC 6117, March 2011.

Authors' Addresses

   Scott Bradner
   Harvard University
   29 Oxford St.
   Cambridge MA 02138
   USA

   Phone: +1-617-495-3864
   EMail: sob@harvard.edu


   Lawrence Conroy
   Roke Manor Research
   Roke Manor
   Old Salisbury Lane
   Romsey
   United Kingdom

   Phone: +44-1794-833666
   EMail: lconroy@insensate.co.uk
   URI:   http://lawrence.tel


   Kazunori Fujiwara
   Japan Registry Services Co., Ltd.
   Chiyoda First Bldg. East 13F
   3-8-1 Nishi-Kanda Chiyoda-ku
   Tokyo 101-0165
   JAPAN

   EMail: fujiwara@jprs.co.jp
   URI:   http://jprs.jp/en/